On spectral synthesis in varieties containing the solutions of inhomogeneous linear functional equations

As a continuation of our previous work \cite{KV2} the aim of the recent paper is to investigate the solutions of special inhomogeneous linear functional equations by using spectral synthesis in translation invariant closed linear subspaces of additive/multiadditive functions containing the restrictions of the solutions to finitely generated fields. The idea is based on the fundamental work of M. Laczkovich and G. Kiss \cite{KL}. Using spectral analysis in some related varieties we can prove the existence of special solutions (automorphisms) of the functional equation but the spectral synthesis allows us to describe the entire space of solutions on a large class of finitely generated fields. It is spanned by the so-called exponential monomials which can be given in terms of automorphisms of \cc and differential operators. We apply the general theory to some inhomogeneous problems motivated by quadrature rules of approximate integration \cite{KKSZ08}, see also \cite{KKSZ} and \cite{KKSZW}

On spectral analysis in varieties containing the solutions of inhomogeneous linear functional equations

The aim of the paper is to investigate the solutions of special inhomogeneous linear functional equations by using spectral analysis in a translation invariant closed linear subspace of additive/multiadditive functions containing the restrictions of the solutions to finitely generated fields. The application of spectral analysis in some related varieties is a new and important trend in the theory of functional equations; especially they have successful applications in case of homogeneous linear functional equations. The foundation of the theory can be found in M. Laczkovich and G. Kiss \cite{KL}, see also G. Kiss and A. Varga \cite{KV}. We are going to adopt the main theoretical tools to solve some inhomogeneous problems due to T. Szostok \cite{KKSZ08}, see also \cite{KKSZ} and \cite{KKSZW}. They are motivated by quadrature rules of approximate integration

Secondary market trading infrastructure of government securities

The subject of our study is the trading infrastructure of government securities markets, which has undergone fundamental changes driven by the appearance of non-exchange electronic platforms and the rapid rise of their share in the trading volume of developed markets. The summary of the relevant literature indicates that improved trading transparency clearly increases the efficiency of the market (its role in price discovery). Its effect on market liquidity, however, is less clear-cut. While the loss of anonymity most likely decreases liquidity, transparency on the quantity and price of concluded transactions enhances liquidity. The emergence of electronic trading on developed government securities markets has not changed the fundamental structure of trading, which continues to take place in two segments: between dealers (B2B) and between dealers and clients (B2C). There is, however, no interbank trading platform on the Hungarian government securities market, although data vendors and other platforms serving clients have sprung up. Nonetheless, more than 90 per cent of trading takes place through traditional OTC channels. Consequently, actors which are interested in market processes and prices, but do not actively trade on the Hungarian market have trouble accessing high-standard, quasi-real-time price information. The MiFID initiative – launched at the European level – may contribute to improving the Hungarian market’s transparency by engendering the regulation of the bond market similar to that of the equity market. Introduction of the euro in Hungary will fundamentally change the country’s market structure. The sovereign debt manager’s leeway will increase, and the key direct actors on the government securities market are expected to be the major international actors, which are interested in the centralisation of government securities trading by currencies. Based on the broad electronisation of the euro-denominated government securities market, it is likely that electronic platforms will also gain ground on the Hungarian market, following the introduction of the single currency at the latest.government securities market, secondary trading, transparency, efficiency, market liquidity.

Seasonal dynamics of an aquatic macroinvertebrate assembly (Hydrobiological case study of Lake Balaton No. 2)

In 2002, 2003 and 2004, we took macoinvertebrate samples on a total of 36 occasions at the Badacsony bay of Lake Balaton. Our sampling site was characterised by areas of open water (in 2003 and 2004 full of reed-grass) as well as by areas covered by common reed (Phragmites australis) and narrowleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia). Samples were taken both from water body and benthic ooze by use of a stiff hand net. We have gained our data from processing 208 individual samples. We took samples frequently from early spring until late autumn for a deeper understanding of the processes of seasonal dynamics. The main seasonal patterns and temporal changes of diversity were described. We constructed a weather-dependent simulation model of the processes of seasonal dynamics in the interest of a possible further utilization of our data in climate change research. We described the total number of individuals, biovolume and diversity of all macroinvertebrate species with a single index and used the temporal trends of this index for simulation modelling. Our discrete deterministic model includes only the impact of temperature, other interactions might only appear concealed. Running the model for different climate change scenarios it became possible to estimate conditions for the 2070-2100 period. The results, however, should be treated very prudently not only because our model is very simple but also because the scenarios are the results of different models

Handling pointers and unstructured statements in the forward computed dynamic slice algorithm

Different program slicing methods are used for debugging, testing, reverse engineering and maintenance. Slicing algorithms can be classified as a static slicing or dynamic slicing type. In applications such as debugging the computation of dynamic slices is more preferable since it can produce more precise results. In a recent paper [5] a new so-called "forward computed dynamic slice" algorithm was introduced. It has the great advantage compared to other dynamic slice algorithms that the memory requirements of this algorithm are proportional to the number of different memory locations used by the program, which in most cases is much smaller than the size of the execution history. The execution time of the algorithm is linear in the size of the execution history. In this paper we introduce the handling of pointers and the jump statements (goto, break, continue) in the C language

Evaluation of color intensity enhanced by paprika as feed additive in goldfish and koi carp using computer-assisted image analysis

Body color intensity of red-colored koi carp Cyprinus carpio and goldfish Carassius auratus auratus varieties were measured to evaluate the effect of paprika used as a feed additive. Digital photos of the experimental fish were processed and analyzed by using special software. The red, green and blue (RGB) values of images were recorded and grayscale values of R, G and B were analyzed. The RGB values seem to play different roles in the development of the visible 'redness' of the two species. In most cases the B values decreased continuously during the administration of the paprika as a carotenoid feed additive, which seemed to have no effect on this process. The G values remained unchanged or decreased slightly as redness increased due to paprika feeding. The R values had a tendency to increase due to paprika feeding but significant differences can be expected only after 4 weeks at the feeding conditions applied here. Both the initial rate of redness and genetic background are thought to influence the rate of red color intensity change, which was observed to be different in the two fish species studied here

Experimental investigation of micro-chaos

Micro-chaos is a phenomenon when small amplitude chaotic oscillations are inflicted by digital effects (sampling, roundoff and processing delay). In previous works, various digitally controlled unstable linear mechanical systems were analysed; the corresponding micro-chaos maps were derived and the coexistence of several disconnected chaotic attractors was proven. The distance of the farthest attractor from the desired state can be quite large, while the size of these attractors is usually negligible from practical point of view. This is why the phenomenon could be the source of remarkable control error. In this paper, the micro-chaos map of the PD-controlled inverted pendulum – with rounding applied to the calculated control effort, and considering dry friction – is examined by modified Simple Cell Mapping methods and the possibility of constructing an experimental device showing the phenomenon of micro-chaos is analysed. A device having variable control force resolution is presented, and experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical and numerical results